Anomalies in gauge theories are of great interest because they represent topological features of the theory that are not contained in the Lagrangian. We will discuss here the role of the chiral anomaly in polarized deeply inelastic scattering (DIS) where one observes a fascinating and subtle interplay between hard parton dynamics and the topology of the QCD vacuum. Using a powerful worldline formalism, we demonstrate in particular how the cancelation of the infrared pole of the anomaly leads to novel emergent dynamics governing how the spin of the proton diffuses from fast (large Bjorken x) partons to slow (small x) partons.
 
We present an effective action that we conjecture captures both the physics of the anomaly and of gluon saturation and outline how the latter  may influence the former. These ideas can be tested at the future Electron Ion Collider.

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